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Using Reading and Writing Chinese with a good Chinese language teacher or in classes for spoken Chinese and written Chinese with a focus on Chinese culture or on other interests business, politics, history, literature, etc.
The characters are presented in the order in which they are likely to be most useful; the most frequently seen characters appear before the less frequently seen ones. The earlier editions of Reading and Writing Chinese depended heavily on work done at Yale to prepare teaching materials and were based largely on George A. Kennedy, ed.
The ci are mostly two-character expressions, but there may be some items comprising three or even four characters zi.
The study plan implied by HSCHDD is as follows: In years one and two of study, it is contemplated that a vocabulary of 5, words ci , including the 2, zi needed to write those 5, words, will be learned. Note that a large number of the 5, vocabulary items ci are identical to items in the list of 2, zi. For example, the first list of 1, ci is comprised of single-character items and of items of two- or more characters—i.
In addition, as many of the words ci as is possible are introduced as sub-items within the frames of each character zi , modified by the principle of not introducing a character in a sub-item until it has been introduced as a main item. This will make it easier for foreign students to use Reading and Writing Chinese, in their progress toward acquiring a large enough vocabulary to be competent in the Chinese written language.
The organization of characters into phonetic series is one of the features of earlier editions which has been strengthened in the new version. This means that new characters have been added to this new edition. From the characters included in earlier editions of Reading and Writing Chinese, a few dozen, maybe, have been deleted as being irrelevant to mastery of the HSCHDD lists.
PREFACE Firstly, the editor has used his judgment about the characters foreign students in the 21st century are most likely to meet early in their studies the list of such characters is not that much different from what it was at the time earlier editions were prepared.
Using this method, students should learn all of the radicals as they are introduced. The editor recommends this method because of the pace of learning inherent in it. In a Western university curriculum, where the student studies several subjects at the same time in a 16week semester, the student can learn seven new characters zi a night 35 new characters a week. The study plan implied by HSCHDD, however—at least with reference to the rate at which the student is expected to learn ci—seems to assume that the student will be studying Chinese in an intensive course—in Beijing, perhaps; as sole, or almost sole, subject of study; and for more than the 28 to 32 weeks of the usual Western university academic year.
William McNaughton xi. For example, the system of Han-Ying Cidian or The Chinese-English Dictionary probably the most widely used Chinese-English dictionary in the world depends on a system of radicals plus a supplementary category.
It is the radical system of this dictionary which is presented in this revised edition of Reading and Writing Chinese. Lexicographers use the radicals to organize dictionaries or indexes to dictionaries which are arranged phonetically.
The dictionary-makers take every character which is not a radical, decide which radical in it is logically the most important, and then classify the character under that radical in the dictionary or index. Under each radical, the characters are then arranged, from the fewest strokes to the most strokes not counting the strokes in the radical. Every time a new character was created to represent some word of the spoken language, the character was formed according to one of six principles, giving six different classes of characters: 1 pictures, 2 symbols, 3 sound-loans, 4 sound-meaning compounds, 5 meaning-meaning compounds, and 6 reclarified compounds.
Hence by extension, we can say that six—and only six—kinds of characters exist. If we understand these six principles, we will be able to see why every new character we study means what it does. Instead of seeming to be a capricious aggregation of strokes, the character will reflect a logical system for representing words and concepts. And each new more-complicated character—the compounds—will be a combination of familiar elements.
Let us look at each of the six kinds of Chinese characters. Some Chinese characters are pictures of things. Sometimes the modern character is a very stylized picture of what it represents. We then have to look into the history of the character before we can see the resemblance clearly. Some Chinese characters are symbols—some more, some less arbitrary—for the concept to which they refer. This type of character, a picture or symbol for one of two homonyms, was borrowed to represent the companion homonym, too; the context was relied on to make the meaning clear.
Sound-meaning compounds. Sometimes one part of a Chinese character gives a hint about the meaning, while another part gives a hint about the pronunciation. The pronunciation of the romanization and the tone markings used here are explained on pages xxiii—xxiv. Meaning-meaning compounds. Sometimes two characters are put together to form a new character whose meaning derives from some logic in the juxtaposition of the two component characters.
Reclarified compounds. The reasons could be: because the character—due to sound-loan, perhaps—had come to stand for a number of different words, or perhaps it represented a word with a number of different meanings.
The scribe could add to the existing character either to clarify the word to which it referred, or to pinpoint the meaning intended in the particular context. Some of these reclarified compounds will, in their new guise, be simple sound-meaning compounds, and some of them—if the reclarified character itself was already a sound-meaning compound—will be. CAR radical [A] The character is a picture of a car or chariot top view—the top and bottom horizontal strokes being the two wheels.
KEY: 1. Hanyu Shuiping Cihui New HSK Exam level i. MN indicates a mnemonic tip Chao Yuen Ren treats reclarified compounds as a sub-class of sound-meaning compounds: see Mandarin Primer Cambridge University Press, , pp. Let us consider this point a little further. Chinese Word-classes acc. Chao verbs including adjectives nouns proper names place words time-words determinatives measure-words localizers suffixes that convert non-place words to place words pronouns other substitutes adverbs prepositions conjunctions particles interjections.
The editor of Reading and Writing Chinese, in preparing the definitions, has given the student as much help as he could with this problem. English verbs are used to translate Chinese verbs, English nouns to translate Chinese nouns, etc. Where grammatical categories do not match, explanations and paraphrases are given especially for Chinese measure-words, localizers, and particles. As is stated in the Preface, the student should be using Reading and Writing Chinese in tandem with classroom work or with a tutor.
The achievement of that kind of comfort is, of course, one of the pleasures of studying a foreign language. In addition to their use with slang terms, or for clarity, quotation marks are used around character-compound definitions that are contextually proper in English but which cannot be derived from the characters themselves.
Always compare a character which appears in a compound, with its written counterpart as you work through this book. The typeset list below provides the most common of these variant forms. Numbers refer to the serial number of characters in the first half of this book characters 1—1, ; page numbers are for characters in the second half.
So all dictionaries organized phonetically, as just described, also have an index—an index organized by some modern adaptation of the traditional radical system.
There is no universally accepted adaptation, however, so different dictionaries use slightly different radical systems. But all such systems are derived from the traditional radical system, all of them overlap to a great degree, and all follow quite closely the logic of the traditional system. Many of these common combinations are given in this book so that you will get used to seeing the characters within important expression and words.
Learning the combination in which a character occurs can be a valuable aid to understanding that character. Download Idnes. Download Amaze!!! AltStore is an alternative app store for non-jailbroken iOS devices. Minecraft is a creative View full description. Minecraft latest version: Preview what's new in Minecraft. The Minecraft View full description. Download for Windows, Mac and Linux.
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